New Zealand Journals of the House of Representatives

Supreme unicameral legislature of New Zealand

New Zealand Parliament Pāremata Aotearoa
53rd Parliament
Blazon
Blazon	Unicameral
Houses	Business firm of Representatives
History
Founded	24 May 1854[1]
Leadership
Monarch	Elizabeth Two since vi February 1952
Governor-General	Cindy Kiro since 21 October 2021
Speaker of the Firm	Trevor Mallard, Labour Party since 7 November 2017
Leader of the Business firm	Chris Hipkins, Labour Party since 26 October 2017
Construction
Seats	120
House of Representatives political groups	Authorities (65) Labour (65) In co-functioning with (10) Green (x)[note 1] Official Opposition (33) National (33) Crossbench (12) Act (10) Māori (2)
Elections
House of Representatives voting system	Mixed-member proportional representation
House of Representatives last election	17 October 2020
Firm of Representatives next election	On or before 13 January 2024
Coming together place
Parliament House, Wellington
Website
www.parliament.nz

The New Zealand Parliament (Māori: Pāremata Aotearoa) is the unicameral legislature of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand (Queen-in-Parliament) and the New Zealand House of Representatives. The Queen is unremarkably represented past her governor-general.^[3] Before 1951, there was an upper chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Quango. The New Zealand Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously performance legislatures in the world.^[4] It has met in Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, since 1865.

The House of Representatives unremarkably consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), though sometimes more than due to overhang seats. There are 72 MPs elected directly in electorates while the residuum of seats are assigned to list MPs based on each party'due south share of the full party vote. Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote.^[iv] Although elections can be called early on, each three years Parliament is dissolved and goes upwardly for reelection.

Parliament is supreme over all other government institutions. The legislature is closely linked to the executive. The New Zealand Government comprises a prime government minister (head of government) and other ministers. In accordance with the principle of responsible authorities, these individuals are e'er drawn from the House of Representatives, and are held accountable to it.

Neither the monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) nor her governor-general participates in the legislative process, salve for signifying the Queen's approval to a beak passed past the House, known as the granting of Royal Assent, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. The governor-general too formally summons and dissolves Parliament – the latter in order to call a general election.

History [edit]

Westminster model [edit]

The New Zealand Parliament is consciously modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary representation, adult in the U.k. of Great Uk and Ireland. This arrangement can be traced back to the "Model Parliament" of 1295.^[5]

Over the centuries, parliaments progressively limited the power of the monarchy. The Bill of Rights 1688 (which has been ratified as law in New Zealand)^[6] established a organisation where parliaments would exist regularly elected. Among its provisions, it ready out parliament's role in tax and supply. The Nib of Rights too confirmed absolute freedom of voice communication in parliament.^[5]

Establishment [edit]

As early equally 1846 the British settlers in New Zealand petitioned for self-regime.^[seven] The New Zealand Parliament was created by the New Zealand Constitution Human action 1852, an Act of the British Parliament,^[8] which established a bicameral legislature officially named the General Associates,^[9] but usually referred to equally Parliament.^[ten] Information technology had a lower business firm, chosen the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the Legislative Quango.^[8] The members of the House were elected nether the first-past-the-mail (FPP) voting system, while those of the Quango were appointed by the governor. The first members were sworn in on 24 May 1854 in Auckland.^[ane]

Upper house abolished [edit]

Initially, legislative councillors were appointed for life, but from the 1890s they were appointed for renewable seven-twelvemonth terms.^[11] This alter, coupled with responsible government (whereby the premier brash the governor on Council appointments) and party politics, meant that by the 20th century, the government usually controlled the Quango as well as the House, and the passage of bills through the Quango became a formality.^[12] In 1951, the Quango was concluded altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral.^[13] The Quango saturday for the last time on 1 December 1950, before it was formally abolished on 1 January 1951.^[eleven]

At the time of its abolitionism the upper business firm had fifty-4 members, including its ain speaker.^[14]

Provincial government [edit]

Under the Constitution Human activity, legislative ability was too conferred on New Zealand's provinces (originally vi in number), each of which had its own elected provincial council.^[8] These provincial councils were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects. New Zealand was never a federation comparable to Canada or Australia; Parliament could legislate concurrently with the provinces on any thing, and in the effect of a disharmonize, the law passed by Parliament would prevail.^[15] Over a 20-year menstruum, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876.^[9]

Māori representation [edit]

New Zealand had representatives of the indigenous population in its parliament from an early engagement, in dissimilarity to many other colonial states. Reserved Māori seats were created in 1867 during the term of the fourth Parliament;^[8] Māori men aged 21 and over, whether or not they endemic property, could vote to elect iv Māori members of the House of Representatives.^[9]

The Māori electorates take lasted far longer than the intended 5 years. In 2002, the seats increased in number to seven.^[xvi]

Country quota [edit]

One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the land quota, which gave greater representation to rural politics. From 1889 on (and fifty-fifty earlier in more than breezy forms), districts were weighted according to their urban/rural divide (with any locality of less than two,000 people considered rural). Those districts which had large rural proportions received a greater number of nominal votes than they actually independent voters – as an example, in 1927, Waipawa, a commune without whatever urban population at all, received an additional iv,153 nominal votes to its actual 14,838 – having the maximum gene of 28% extra representation. The land quota was in upshot until it was abolished in 1945 past a mostly urban-elected Labour regime, which switched to a one-vote-per-person organisation.^[17]

Modern independent legislature [edit]

Chamber of the House of Representatives, c.  1900–1902

Originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire—although, in practice, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's function was minimal from the 1890s.^[12] The New Zealand Parliament received progressively more than command over New Zealand affairs through the passage of Majestic (British) laws such as the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, constitutional amendments, and an increasingly easily-off approach by the British government. In 1947, the New Zealand Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Human activity, giving that parliament total power over New Zealand law,^[12] and the New Zealand Constitution Subpoena Act 1947, an Act of the British Parliament, allowed the New Zealand Parliament to regulate its own limerick. In 1973 a further amendment, the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1973, expanded the territorial jurisdiction of New Zealand's parliament.^[18]

In 1986 a new Constitution Act was passed, finally removing the power for the British Parliament to pass laws affecting New Zealand (which was by so only with New Zealand's consent), restating the few remaining provisions of the 1852 Act, consolidating the legislation establishing Parliament, and officially replacing the name "Full general Associates" with "Parliament".^[xix]

Outset in the 1890s, when the New Zealand Liberal Political party was established as the first formal political party in New Zealand, political power shifted from the Business firm of Representatives to elections, parties and leaders. The conservative Reform Party was formed in 1909, and the New Zealand Labour Party in 1916. The New Zealand National Party emerged in 1936 from the affiliation of Reform and a remnant of the Liberals, the United Party.^[12] As of the 2022 general election, the electric current parties represented in the House of Representatives are National, Labour, the Green Party, ACT New Zealand, and the Māori Party.^{[xx] [21]}

Labour Member of Parliament Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan was the longest-serving female person MP (1967–1996) and was besides the first MP to give nascency while serving in role. National MP Ruth Richardson was the first MP to bring her baby into the debating sleeping room while young man National MP Katherine Rich was the first MP to feed her baby in the House. During the 1990s, a child care centre was established for the children of MPs and parliamentary staff.^{[22] [23]} In November 2017, the Speaker of the House Trevor Mallard announced that Parliament would condign more "babe friendly."^{[22] [24]} Family friendly policies have included making an atrium near the parliamentary chamber attainable to MP'south children, giving carers and spouses the aforementioned security clearances equally MPs, opening the Parliamentary swimming pool to the families of MPs and staff, and updating the family room to have infant-feeding and irresolute facilities, and a proposed play area on Parliament's lawn.^{[23] [25] [26]}

On ten Feb 2021, Mallard announced that ties were no longer compulsory in Parliament following a Continuing Orders meeting where the majority voted in favour of the Māori Party's submission calling for the elimination of neckties equally part of Parliament'south compulsory concern attire. This announcement followed an argument between Mallard and Māori Political party co-leader Rawiri Waititi, who had been ejected from Parliament for refusing to wear a cervix necktie in favour of Māori business attire.^[27]

Sovereignty [edit]

The New Zealand Parliament is supreme, with no other government institution able to over-ride its decisions.^[v] The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded.^[28] For example, the New Zealand Neb of Rights Human action 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, not superior police, as codified constitutions are in some other countries.

The Business firm of Representatives has the exclusive power to regulate its own procedures. The Firm has "entrenched" sure bug relating to elections. These include the length of a parliamentary term, deciding on who can vote, how they vote (via secret ballot), how the land should be divided into electorates, and the make-up of the Representation Commission, which decides on these electorates.^[29] These problems require either 75% of all MPs to support the neb or a referendum on the effect.^[28] As the entrenchment machinery is not entrenched itself, it could be repealed past a uncomplicated bulk, thus allowing the entrenched provisions of the Electoral Act to likewise be repealed by a simple majority.^{[thirty] [31]}

Monarch [edit]

The monarch of New Zealand – currently Queen Elizabeth II, represented in New Zealand by the Governor-General Dame Cindy Kiro – is ane of the components of Parliament. This results from the role of the monarch to sign into police (give Royal Assent to) the bills that take been passed past the House of Representatives.^[three] MPs must express their loyalty to the Queen and defer to her dominance, as the Oath of Allegiance must be recited past all new parliamentarians before they may take their seat,^[32] and the official opposition is traditionally dubbed Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition.^[33]

Houses [edit]

Firm of Representatives [edit]

The Firm of Representatives was established equally a lower firm and has been the Parliament's sole house since 1951.^[4] Since the introduction of MMP in 1996, the House consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), elected to a three-twelvemonth term. Parliamentary elections use the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, a hybrid of start-past-the-post and closed party-list proportional representation; 71 MPs represent single-fellow member electorates of roughly the same population,^[34] while the residual are list MPs.^[35] These MPs gather to represent the people, laissez passer laws and supervise the work of government.^{[36] [37]} Members also grade select committees of the House, appointed to deal with particular areas or issues.^[38]

Ministers in the New Zealand Regime are always drawn from amid the members of the House of Representatives (before 1951, there were also ministers who sat in the Legislative Council). The government of the day, and by extension the prime minister, must reach and maintain the support of the House in club to gain and remain in power.^[4] The Government is dependent on Parliament to implement its legislative calendar, and has ever required the House's approval to spend money.^[36]

Upper house [edit]

The Parliament does not have an upper house; at that place was an upper firm up to 1951, and there have been occasional suggestions to create a new 1.^[38] The Legislative Quango sleeping room continues to be used during the Opening of Parliament.^[14] This is in keeping with the British tradition in which the monarch is barred from entering the lower house.^{[39] [5]}

Legislative Council [edit]

The original Legislative Council was created by the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on sixteen Nov 1840,^[xl] which saw New Zealand established every bit a Crown colony divide from New South Wales on i July 1841.^[twoscore] Originally, the Legislative Council consisted of the governor, colonial secretary and colonial treasurer (who comprised the Executive Council), and iii justices of the peace appointed past the governor.^[41] The Legislative Council had the power to event Ordinances (statutory instruments).^[42]

With the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Deed 1852, the Legislative Council became the upper house of the Full general Associates. The Legislative Council was intended to scrutinise and meliorate bills passed past the House of Representatives, although it could not initiate legislation or amend money bills. Despite occasional proposals for an elected Council, members of the Legislative Council (MLCs) were appointed by the governor, generally on the recommendation of the prime number government minister.^[12] It was eventually decided that the Council was having no pregnant impact on New Zealand's legislative process; its final sitting was on 1 December 1950.^[43]

Senate proposals [edit]

In September 1950, the National regime of Sidney Kingdom of the netherlands set upwards a constitutional reform committee to consider an culling second sleeping room, chaired by Ronald Algie. A study produced by the committee in 1952 proposed a nominated Senate, with 32 members, appointed by leaders of the parties in the House of Representatives, according to the parties' strength in that House. Senators would serve for three-year-terms, and be eligible for reappointment.^[44] The Senate would have the power to revise, initiate or delay legislation, to hear petitions, and to scrutinise regulations and Orders in Council, only the proposal was rejected by the Prime Minister and past the Labour opposition, which had refused to nominate members to the committee.^[45]

After the 1990 election, the National government of Jim Bolger proposed the institution of an elected Senate, thereby reinstating a bicameral system, and a Senate Bill was drafted. Under the Pecker, the Senate would take 30 members, elected by STV, from six senatorial districts, four in the North Island and two in the South Island. Similar the old Legislative Council information technology would not have powers to amend or delay money bills.^[46] The intention was to include a question on a Senate in the second referendum on electoral reform. Voters would exist asked, if they did not want a new voting system, whether or not they wanted a Senate.^[47] However, post-obit objections from the Labour opposition, which derided it as a red herring,^[48] and other supporters of the mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation system,^[49] the Senate question was removed by the Select Commission on Electoral Reform.^[46]

In 2010, the New Zealand Policy Unit of the Centre for Independent Studies proposed a Senate in the context of the 2011 referendum on MMP. They proposed a proportionally-elected upper firm fabricated up 31 seats elected using a proportional list vote by region, with the Business firm of Representatives elected by FPP and consisting of 79 seats.^[50]

Term [edit]

Queen Elizabeth Ii and Prince Philip at the Opening of Parliament, xiii November 1986

A term of Parliament in New Zealand may not terminal more than three years. The Constitution Act 1986 outlines that the governor-general is responsible for dissolving Parliament,^{[note 2] [nineteen]} which is done by imperial proclamation.^[51] Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, afterward which the writs for a general election are ordinarily issued.^[52] Upon completion of the election, the governor-full general, on the advice of the prime government minister, so issues a proclamation summoning Parliament to assemble.^[51] On the date given, new MPs are sworn in and then are, forth with returning MPs, called to the sometime Legislative Quango chamber, where they are instructed to elect their speaker and return to the Business firm of Representatives to do so before adjourning.^[39]

A new parliamentary session is marked past the Opening of Parliament, during which the governor-general reads the Speech from the Throne, on the Queen'south behalf. This speech is given at the showtime of every new Parliament, and explains why Parliament has been assembled. Information technology outlines the Government's legislative calendar.^[39] On occasion, the monarch may open Parliament and evangelize the speech herself; for case, the Queen has personally attended the Opening of Parliament in 1954 (to marking the legislature'due south centenary),^{[1] [53]} and more recently in 1986 and 1990.^{[54] [55]}

MPs receive the Majestic Summons to these events from the conductor of the Black Rod, after he or she knocks on the doors of the House of Representatives chamber that have been slammed shut, to illustrate the MPs' right to deny entry to anyone, including the monarch.^{[56] [39]}

Passage of legislation [edit]

An Act of Parliament. The brusque title is Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act 2014.

Before any police is passed, it is beginning introduced in Parliament equally a draft known as a pecker.^[57] The majority of bills are promulgated by the government of the day. It is rare for government bills to be defeated (the first to be defeated in the 20th century was in 1998).^[57] It is likewise possible for individual MPs to promote their own bills, called member'south bills; these are normally put frontward past opposition parties, or by MPs who wish to deal with a thing that parties do not take positions on. All bills must become through three readings in the Business firm of Representatives earlier receiving Royal Assent to get an Human activity of Parliament (statutory police).^[57]

House and committees [edit]

Each bill goes through several stages before it becomes a law. The get-go stage is the first reading, where MPs debate the neb in principle. I is normally sent to a select committee where the public has the opportunity to make submissions on the bill and the committee can recommend amendments to the bill. The select committee stage is followed by the second reading, where MPs once again debate the bill in principle and the select committee recommendations. This is followed past the committee of the whole house, where MPs debate private clauses or parts and make amendments. In the third reading, MPs debate the terminal form of the neb. If a majority of MPs vote in favour of the bill at its third reading, the bill is passed. If a majority of MPs vot against the bill at any reading, the neb is rejected and goes no further through the process.^[4]

Royal Assent [edit]

If a bill passes its third reading, it is passed by the Clerk of the Business firm of Representatives to the Governor-Full general, who volition (bold ramble conventions are followed) grant Royal Assent as a matter of form. Some constitutional lawyers, such equally Professor Philip Joseph, believe the governor-general does retain the ability to reject Royal Assent to bills in infrequent circumstances – specifically if republic were to be abolished.^[58] Others, such as erstwhile law professor and Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Professor Matthew Palmer contend any refusal of Imperial Assent would crusade a ramble crisis.^[59]

As a applied reality, because the Regal Assent to a bill must follow quickly later its passage past the House of Representatives, if in that location is any substantial upshot almost the constitutional validity of a beak, the outcome must be considered past the Attorney-General before the bill is introduced into the Firm.^[60]

List of terms of Parliament [edit]

Parliament is currently in its 53rd term.

Term	Elected in	Government
Pre-party era
1st Parliament	1853 ballot	Non-partisan
2nd Parliament	1855 election
3rd Parliament	1860 election
4th Parliament	1866 ballot
5th Parliament	1871 ballot
6th Parliament	1875 election
7th Parliament	1879 election
8th Parliament	1881 election
ninth Parliament	1884 election
10th Parliament	1887 ballot
Liberal Party era
11th Parliament	1890 election	Liberal
12th Parliament	1893 ballot
13th Parliament	1896 election
14th Parliament	1899 ballot
15th Parliament	1902 election
16th Parliament	1905 election
17th Parliament	1908 election
Multi-party era
18th Parliament	1911 election	Reform
19th Parliament	1914 election
20th Parliament	1919 election
21st Parliament	1922 election
22nd Parliament	1925 election
23rd Parliament	1928 election	United
24th Parliament	1931 election	United–Reform coalition
25th Parliament	1935 election	Showtime Labour
Two-party era
26th Parliament	1938 election	First Labour
27th Parliament	1943 ballot
28th Parliament	1946 election
29th Parliament	1949 election	Starting time National
30th Parliament	1951 election
31st Parliament	1954 election
32nd Parliament	1957 election	Second Labour
33rd Parliament	1960 election	Second National
34th Parliament	1963 election
35th Parliament	1966 election
36th Parliament	1969 election
37th Parliament	1972 ballot	3rd Labour
38th Parliament	1975 election	Third National
39th Parliament	1978 election
40th Parliament	1981 election
41st Parliament	1984 election	Quaternary Labour
42nd Parliament	1987 election
43rd Parliament	1990 ballot	Fourth National
44th Parliament	1993 election
Mixed-member proportional (MMP) era
45th Parliament	1996 ballot	Fourth National (in coalition)
46th Parliament	1999 ballot	Fifth Labour (in coalition)
47th Parliament	2002 election
48th Parliament	2005 election
49th Parliament	2008 ballot	Fifth National (minority)
50th Parliament	2011 election
51st Parliament	2014 election
52nd Parliament	2017 election	6th Labour (in coalition)
53rd Parliament	2020 election	Sixth Labour

Come across too [edit]

• Bellamy's catering service
• Constitution of New Zealand
• Elections in New Zealand
• Independence of New Zealand
• List of legislatures past country
• Lists of statutes of New Zealand
• Politics of New Zealand

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The Green Party has formed a co-operation understanding with the governing Labour Party, "while not committing to a more formal coalition or confidence and supply arrangement".^[2]
2. ^ The House of Representatives itself is regarded equally ever in existence, still that Parliament has been dissolved or has expired.

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "First sitting, 1854". NZ History. Ministry for Civilization and Heritage. nineteen August 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
2. ^ "Greens officially sign on to join Government with Labour". 1 Nov 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b} McLean, Gavin (28 September 2016). "Governors and governors-general – Constitutional duties". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 1 July 2017.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} Martin, John E. (17 Feb 2015). "Parliament". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 30 August 2016.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "Parliament Brief : What is Parliament?". New Zealand Parliament. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
6. ^ "Bill of Rights 1688 No 2 (equally at 26 March 2015), Imperial Act". Parliamentary Counsel Function. 16 December 1689. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
7. ^ McIntyre, Due west. David (20 June 2012). "Self-government and independence – Crown Colony". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 2 July 2018.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} McIntyre, W. David (20 June 2012). "Self-government and independence – Constitution Human activity 1852". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 2 July 2018.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Martin, John E. (1 February 2015). "Parliament – Evolution of Parliament, 19th century". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved ii July 2018.
10. ^ Wilding, Norman W.; Laundy, Philip (1972). An Encyclopaedia of Parliament. Cassell. p. 491. ISBN978-0-304-93689-2.
11. ^ ^{a b} "Legislative Quango abolished". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
12. ^ ^{a b c d east} Martin, John E. (one February 2015). "Parliament – Structural changes, 1890s to 1950s". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 2 July 2018.
13. ^ Palmer, Geoffrey. "The Ramble Significance of the Abolition of the Legislative Council in 1950." The New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 15, no. 1 (2017): 123–47.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Legislative Council Chamber". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 17 Baronial 2017.
15. ^ McLintock, Alexander Hare, ed. (1966). "Constitutional History – The 1852 Constitution and Responsible Regime". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 8 November 2019.
16. ^ "Number of Electorates and Electoral Populations: 2013 Census". Statistics New Zealand.
17. ^ McKinnon, Malcolm, ed. (1997). New Zealand Historical Atlas. David Bateman. Plate 90.
18. ^ "New Zealand Constitution Amendement Act 1973" (PDF). New Zealand Legal Data Plant. 1973. Retrieved 15 Feb 2020. The General Assembly shall have full power to make laws having effect in, or in respect of, New Zealand or whatever part thereof and laws having effect outside New Zealand.
19. ^ ^{a b} "Constitution Act 1986". Parliamentary Counsel Function. 13 December 1986. Retrieved 11 Nov 2018.
20. ^ "Parliamentary parties". www.parliament.nz. New Zealand Parliament. October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
21. ^ "2020 Full general Election and Referendums – Official Result". Electoral Commission. vi November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
22. ^ ^{a b} "Parliament condign more than family unit-friendly". New Zealand Parliament. fifteen Nov 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
23. ^ ^{a b} Nissen, Wendyl (5 February 2019). "Babies and the Beehive: Trevor Mallard's big plans for a child-friendly Parliament". New Zealand Woman's Weekly. Retrieved xviii September 2019.
24. ^ Walters, Laura (9 Nov 2017). "New Zealand'due south new baby-friend parliament". Stuff . Retrieved 18 September 2019.
25. ^ Bramwell, Chris (5 June 2018). "Kickoff look: Parliament lawn to feature playground". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
26. ^ Walters, Laura (five June 2018). "Parliament to add a playground for kids to its grounds". Stuff . Retrieved xviii September 2019.
27. ^ "Ties now optional in Parliament subsequently Rawiri Waititi booted out for non wearing one". The New Zealand Herald. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved x February 2021.
28. ^ ^{a b} "Glossary". www.ourconstitution.org.nz. Ramble Advisory Console. Archived from the original on vi April 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
29. ^ "Electoral Human activity 1993 No 87 (as at 01 May 2017), Public Human activity 268 Brake on amendment or repeal of certain provisions". www.legislation.govt.nz. New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
30. ^ "Chapter 2 The Ground of Parliamentary Procedure – New Zealand Parliament". world wide web.parliament.nz . Retrieved 20 May 2019.
31. ^ Elkind, Jerome B. (1987). "A New Await at Entrenchment". The Modern Police force Review. l (2): 158–175. doi:x.1111/j.1468-2230.1987.tb02570.x. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1096137.
32. ^ Elizabeth Two (24 October 1957), Oaths and Declarations Act 1957, 17, Wellington: Queen's Printer for New Zealand, retrieved 1 Jan 2010
33. ^ Kaiser, André (2008). "Parliamentary Opposition in Westminster Democracies: Britain, Canada, Commonwealth of australia and New Zealand". The Journal of Legislative Studies. 14 (1–2): twenty–45. doi:10.1080/13572330801920887. S2CID 154663945. Retrieved i July 2017.
34. ^ "Number of Electorates and Electoral Populations: 2013 Census". Statistics New Zealand. 2013. Retrieved one July 2017.
35. ^ "MPs and Electorates". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
36. ^ ^{a b} "Role of Parliament". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
37. ^ Forest & Rudd 2004, pp. 52−55.
38. ^ ^{a b} Wilson 1985, p. 147.
39. ^ ^{a b c d} "Opening of Parliament ceremonies on 8 and 9 December 2008". New Zealand Parliament. five Dec 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
40. ^ ^{a b} Paul Moon (2010). New Zealand Nativity Certificates – fifty of New Zealand'due south Founding Documents. AUT Media. ISBN9780958299718.
41. ^ "Crown colony era – the Governor-General". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. xxx Baronial 2012. Retrieved thirteen October 2012.
42. ^ "No. 21. — Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand, and for Creating and Establishing a Legislative Council and an Executive Council, and for Granting Sure Powers and Authorities to the Governor for the Time Being of the Said Colony". Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
43. ^ "Terminal meeting of the Legislative Quango, 1950". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 25 Baronial 2017.
44. ^ The New Zealand Legislative Council : A Written report of the Establishment, Failure and Abolition of an Upper House, William Keith Jackson, University of Otago Printing, page 200
45. ^ Memoirs: 1912–1960, Sir John Marshall, Collins, 1984, 159–lx
46. ^ ^{a b} "Senate Bill: Report of Electoral Law Committee". seven June 1994. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
47. ^ "New Zealand Legislates for the 1993 Referendum on its Electoral System". Newsletter of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia (69). March 1993. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.
48. ^ New Zealand Hansard: Tuesday, Dec xv, 1992 Balloter REFORM Beak : Introduction
49. ^ Submission: Electoral Reform Bill (Feb 1993)
50. ^ Luke Malpass; Oliver Marc Hartwich (24 March 2010). "Superseding MMP: Real Balloter Reform for New Zealand" (PDF). Centre for Contained Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010.
51. ^ ^{a b} "Summoning, Proroguing and Dissolving Parliament". www.parliament.nz. New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
52. ^ "Writ-ten in the stars". New Zealand Parliament. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
53. ^ Annal footage (1954) from British Pathé at YouTube
54. ^ "State opening of Parliament, 1986". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 21 May 2018.
55. ^ "Display of royal memorabilia". New Zealand Parliament. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 12 Nov 2018. During her first eagerly awaited tour over the summer of 1953–54 Parliament was summoned for a special curt session in January to allow her to open Parliament and evangelize the Speech from the Throne. She again opened a special session of Parliament in February 1963. She also opened Parliament in March 1970 and February 1974. In Feb 1977 she opened another special session at the same fourth dimension as formally opening the Beehive (the Executive Wing). More recently she has opened Parliament in February 1986 and February 1990.
56. ^ "Roles and regalia at the Opening of Parliament". New Zealand Parliament. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
57. ^ ^{a b c} "Chapter 7 Parties and Government". world wide web.parliament.nz. New Zealand Parliament. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 23 Nov 2017.
58. ^ Philip Joseph (2002). Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand (2nd ed.). Brookers. ISBN978-0-86472-399-4.
59. ^ Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Matthew Palmer (2004). Bridled Ability: New Zealand's Constitution and Government (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-558463-nine.
60. ^ "New Zealand Bill of Rights Deed 1990 – The Legislation Design and Informational Committee". New Zealand Legislation Blueprint and Advisory Committee. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.

Sources [edit]

• McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: GP Books. ISBN978-0-477-01384-0.
• Phillips, Jock, ed. (2014). Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved xx November 2020.
• Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [1st ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
• Wood, G. A.; Rudd, Chris (2004). The Politics and Government of New Zealand: Robust, Innovative and Challenged. University of Otago Printing. ISBN1877276464.

External links [edit]

• New Zealand Parliament
• Introducing Parliament – A one-hour guide to how the New Zealand Parliament works
• Images from around Parliament Buildings
• Parliament Today
• Parliament at Radio New Zealand
• Digitised reports from selected volumes of the Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament

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